UNITED STATES

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

NOISE PUBLICATIONS

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The EPA Noise Publications listed in this Bibliography are a composite of all materials developed and made available to the public from 1972 when EPA's Office of Noise Abatement and Control was established through 1982 when the Noise Program was phased out and the responsibility for Noise Abatement and Control was delegated back to State and local governments.

The publications are listed in reverse chronological order with 1982 publications listed first.

The EPA Document Control Number is made up as follows:

550/9 Code for 0ffice of Noise Abatement and Control
82 Publication Year
400 State and Local Category

From 1976 through 1982 the EPA Document Control Number indicates the four Major categories of subject areas as follows:

Health and Welfare - 100 series
Standards and Regulations - 200 series
Technical and Federal Programs - 300 series
State and Local Programs - 400 series

In some instances, a document is not available from NTIS and another source is given. Names, addresses and telephone numbers of these sources are listed on the following page.

An asterisk indicates the publication is only available on loan from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Headquarters Library, OANR, Washington, D.C. 20460.

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ASA
Acoustical Society of America
335 East 45th Street
New York, New York 10017
(212) 661-9494

FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
Department of Transportation
800 Independence Avenue, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20591
(202) 75-9027

FR
Federal Register
National Archives and Records Service
Washington, D.C. 20408
(202) 523-5240

GPO
Government Printing 0ffice
Superintendent of Documents
Washington, D.C. 20402
(202) 783-3238

NANCO
National Association of Noise Control
Post 0ffice Box 2618
Fort Walton Beach, Florida 32549
(904) 243-8129

NBS
National Bureau of Standards
Department of Commerce
Washington, D.C. 20234
(202) 921-2495

NTIS
National Technical Information Service
Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, Virginia 22161
(703) 487-4650

Office of Naval Research
Ballston Center Tower
800 North Quincy Street
Arlington, Virginia 22217
(703) 696-4609

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Public education materials developed by ONAC can be purchased through the Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) system as follows:

PREPARING FOR A QUIETER TOMORROW
A teaching unit for junior and senior high school students
ED-201 508

SOUNDS ALIVE: A NOISE WORKBOOK
Developed for kindergarten and elementary grades
ED-201 509

SOUNDS ALIVE: A TEACHER’S GUIDE FOR THE NOISE WORKBOOK
ED-201 510

COST:

Microfiche $0.91 per copy plus $0.20 postage
Paper copy $6.95 for the first copy plus $1.84 UPS
$ 3.65 each additional copy plus $1.47 UPS

MAILING ADDRESS:

E.R.I.C. DOCUMENT REPRO SERVICES
P.O. BOX 190
ARLINGTON VIRGINIA 22210

SCHOOL POSTERS “NOISE AND YOUR HEARING” AND “HEAR, HERE”, (coloring and quiz books), please contact:

AMERICAN SPEECH AND HEARING ASSOCIATION
Attention: Public Information
10801 ROCKVILLE PIKE
ROCKVILLE, MARYLAND 20852

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The research described in this report was undertaken to evaluate the potential contribution to the overall annoyance of heavy truck noise of the implusive character of exhaust noise created by engine compression-release braking devices. Although growing numbers of trucks are likely to be equipped with these safety devices in the future, current methods for assessing health and welfare effects of traffic noise on residential populations make no specific provisions for annoyance associated with impulsive noise sources.

This plan is intended to serve as a blue print for future research by other organizations. It includes detailed plans across all the health effects categories such as nonauditory physiologic effects, behavioral effects and noise-induced hearing loss, to name just a few.

Existing metrics of environmental noise and its impact on people are reviewed for their suitability in assessing the impact of general aviation (GA) noise on people in airport communities.

Analyses presented in this report are based on the national probability subsample of 6913 adults aged 25-74 who were administered an audiometric test as well as detailed questionnaires and physical examinations dealing with hypertension and a variety of other health conditions.

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The purpose of the guidelines proposed in this report is to provide with analytic procedures which can be uniformly used to express and quantify impacts from noise. The quantification methods recommended for impact assessment in these guidelines are further developments of the Fractional Impact Methodology used for assessing the health and welfare effects of a noise environment. Three principal types of noise and vibration environments are considered: general audible noise, special noises, and vibration.

The desk reference contains up-to-date scientific information on the health effects of noise in a "Question and Answer" format, designed for technical or semi-technical audiences, such as State and local officials or the general public.

Topics addressed include a brief description of the nation's growing highway noise problem, the effects of noise on health and welfare and how to reduce noise exposures in the proximity of highways. Easy methods of identifying noise-hotspots are discussed and methods to obtain relief are elaborated upon.

Noise barriers as a possible solution are stressed and guidance is given to initiate action. In addition, case histories and specific technical details are presented to assist those in charge of planning and constructing barriers.

This study was prepared for people suffering from noise, concerned citizens, technical and non-technical state, local and Federal officials involved in the process of solving severe noise problems along interstate highways, as well as planners wishing to avoid high noise exposures through planning.

This study outlines a national strategy to address construction site-noise. After explaining the peculiar nature of construction-site noise and estimating the population exposed to high noise levels, the author presents viable methods to control such noise.

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This study projects the noise exposure of the U.S. population from motor vehicles to the Year 2000 and indicates the reduction of such exposures from various new product regulations compared with in-use enforcement programs that concentrate on the removal of a portion of defective motor vehicle exhausts. Along with the benefits, the potential costs of various controls are projected for comparison purposes.

The National Roadway Traffic Noise Exposure Model (NRTNEM) is comprised of a collection of on-line datasets, some containing programs and others containing data. The manual describes the job submission procedures required to run the NRTNEM as it existed on the NCC (EPA'S National Computer Center) in December, 1981, under user ID EPADYN.

The NRTNEM actually consists of two models: The General Adverse Response Model ("GAR"), and the Single Event Model ("SEM"). Only one of them can be executed by a job at a time.

The NRTNEM was designed for and runs on an IBM/370 computer under MVS, with TSO (the Time Sharing Option) and WYLBUR, the latter two being conversational direct-access systems.

The Programmer's Manual describes the NRTNEM system described above in more detail to facilitate program maintenance.

This volume presents an overview of the RYNEM model. The basic philosophy of the model is discussed and the relevant equations used in the computations are presented. This volume is written for those who need to know what the model is like. It does not go into detail of how each computation is done in the program, nor does it teach the user how to run the model. The reader is advised to peruse the Railroad Background document for other terminology used without explanation.

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This volume presents a cookbook approach to the execution of the RYNEM model. Its intended audience is those who will exercise the model. It assumes familiarity with Volume I, i.e., the user knows the quantities he inputs, and he knows the quantities printed out. For obvious reasons, the explanations incorporated in Volume I are not repeated. While it does not presume expertise with the EPA IBM computer system, it does assume the user can follow the instructions presented in this volume to the letter.

This volume describes the structure of the RYNEM and the model's program source code. It is not meant to teach the reader how to run the program. Execution of the model is described in Volume II. It assumes the reader has digested the contents of Volume I. The intended audience is the programmer who needs to maintain the program and make changes to the source code. A strong knowledge of standard IBM FORTRAN IV language is assumed.

This volume presents an overview of the RYNEM-S model. The basic philosophy of the model is discussed and the relevant equations used in the computations are presented. This volume is written for those who need to know what the model is like. It does not go into detail of how each computation is done in the program, nor does it teach the user how to run the model. It presupposes some familiarity with the EPA noise terminology, as is covered by the "EPA Levels" document. The reader is advised to peruse the Railroad Background document for other terminology used without explanation.

This volume presents a cookbook approach to the execution of the RYNEM-S model. Its intended audience is those who will exercise the model. It assumes familiarity with Volume I, i.e., the user knows the quantities he inputs, and he knows the quantities printed out. For obvious reasons, the explanations incorporated in Volume I are repeated. While it does not presume expertise with the EPA IBM computer system, it does assume the user can follow the instructions presented in this volume.

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This volume describes the structure of the RYNEM-S and the model's program source code. It is not meant to teach the reader how to run the program. Execution of the model is described in Volume II. It assumes the reader has digested the contents of Volume I. The intended audience is the programmer who needs to maintain the program and make changes to the source code. A strong knowledge of standard IBM FORTRAN IV language is assumed.

This document describes the cash flow model used in the financial analysis conducted for the background document to railroad yard noise standards. It first details the purpose of the cash flow model. Next, a derivative to the equations used in the model is presented. Volume II lists the data inputs needed to use the model. Finally, a sample output of the model is shown with notes on how to interpret it.

This volume of the railroad cash flow software documentation describes the use of the railroad cash flow model. It tells how to access the model and how to change the data. Section 2.1 provides a brief overview of the design of the cash flow model and the computing environment it is used in. Section 2.2 describes how to access the computer and run the model. Section 2.3 shows how to change the data. Section 2.4 is a sample output. Appendix A is a sample session with the cash flow model. Appendix B is a list of key commands which can be used on the WYLBUR system. Appendix C explains how to restore files which have been archived.

This manual provides information on how to service the cash flow model. It is written for a user who has some familiarity with standard IBM FORTRAN-IV and the WYLBUR system.

The manual has four sections. The first section discusses the model design through its technical specifications, data requirements and algorithms. The second section defines the data base specifications and defines the data names. The third section is an annotated listing of the program. The fourth section describes verification and test procedures for the model.

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This report examines the judicial trends in airport noise litigation by analyzing the decisions from many of the relevant legal cases. The significant issues arising out of these various cases examine this conflict from four viewpoints: 1) who is liable for aircraft noise related damages? 2) what is the scope of airport use restrictions? 3) what are the legal theories and trends in awarding aircraft noise-related damages? 4) what is the effect of land use planning and environmental impact statements on airport control? This extensive case law review indicates that the courts are continuing to hold the airport proprietor liable for aircraft noise-related damages. The judiciary is also expanding the legal theories and granting recovery for noise-related effects on people under the nuisance theory of emotional distress as well as under the traditional inverse condemnation theory for deprivation of property.

The Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies Act of 1970 is reviewed. Procedures are provided for: (1) developing a well-defined set of cases for which relocation costs may be estimated; (2) determining the costs in current dollars for each expense item in each relocation case; and (3) determining the frequency of occurrence for each case as applied to specific airports. Total costs for all cases for a hypothetical airport relocation effort are provided. Supporting data and equations used are presented.

This study was conducted to estimate the costs of soundproofing dwellings within the L_dn 65 noise contours at major U.S. commercial airports. To determine the distribution of dwelling types in each region, and to obtain detailed information on local dwelling characteristics that affect noise reduction, field surveys were conducted at one airport in each region. The airports surveyed were selected on the basis that the local dwelling characteristics were representative of the respective region. The information obtained was used to identify the types of modifications most suitable for soundproofing dwellings in each region.

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This manual describes an aircraft flight procedures model used to construct aircraft flight paths and performance schedules for specified operational procedures. The computer model algorithms were derived from fundamental aircraft and engine performance relationships or from operational characteristics applicable to specific aircraft types.

The purpose of this study was to identify and collect performance and operational data and information required to construct flight paths and performance schedules for selected commercial aircarrier aircraft types. The information can be used to determine the flight paths and performance schedules for aircraft operating in accordance with specified flight procedures.

This report presents a comprehensive overview of an EPA-sponsored program to demonstrate the technology and costs of reducing the noise of four heavy-duty diesel trucks to 72 dBA. The program comprised engineering development and service evaluation phases. Noise control treatments were developed and installed on each truck to reduce its noise to the target level. The treatments included partial engine and transmission enclosures, exhaust silencing systems, and two-stage engine mounts for 2 of the 4 trucks. Three trucks entered fleet service where they accumulated 230,000 miles. The treatments proved to be durable and effective and did not have an adverse impact on the operation of any vehicle. Maintenance labor time increased by 1.4% because of the need to remove enclosure panels while performing some maintenance procedures.

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This report discusses the technology and costs required to reduce the noise of a Ford CLT 9000 heavy-duty diesel truck from 77.1 to 72.3 dBA. The noise control treatment consists primarily of a dual exhaust silencing system and a partial enclosure for the engine and transmission. Wind tunnel tests on the completed truck show that temperatures of engine coolant and oil remain within manufacturer's specified limits. The noise treatment increases the vehicle weight by 397 lb and estimated vehicle price by $1309.

This report discusses the technology and costs required to reduce the noise of a General Motors Brigadier heavy-duty diesel truck from 81.7 to 71.6 dBA. The noise control treatment consists primarily of a dual exhaust silencing system and a partial enclosure for the engine and transmission. The noise treatment increases vehicle weight by 340 lb and estimated vehicle price by $1174. Wind tunnel tests on the completed truck show that temperatures of engine coolant and oil remain within manufacturer's specified limits.

This report discusses the technology and costs required to reduce the noise of an International Harvester F-4370 heavy-duty diesel truck from 81.1 to 72.2 dBA. The noise control treatment consists primarily of a dual exhaust silencing system and a partial enclosure for the engine and transmission. The noise treatment increases the vehicle weight by 332 lb and estimated vehicle price by $1302. Wind tunnel tests on the completed truck show that temperatures of engine coolant and oil remain within generally acceptable limits.

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This report discusses the technology and costs required to reduce the noise of a Mack R686 heavy-duty diesel truck from 81.6 dBA to 73.2 dBA. The noise control treatments consist primarily of a partial enclosure for the engine and transmission, an exhaust silencing system, and two-stage engine mounts. These treatments increase the vehicle weight by 398 lb and estimated vehicle price by $1296.

This report describes the field test and operational performance evaluation of a quieted Ford CLT 9000 heavy-duty diesel truck. The noise of the truck had been reduced from 77.1 dBA to 72.3 dBA. The field test showed the noise control treatments to be effective and durable in over 100,000 miles of service. The treatments had no adverse impact on the vehicle's operation and appear to have had negligible effect on fuel consumption. Incremental maintenance time of 2.5 hours was attributable to the treatments' impact on normal annual vehicle maintenance.

This report describes the field test and operational performance evaluation of a quieted General Motors Brigadier heavy-duty diesel truck. The noise of the truck had been reduced from 81.7 dBA to 71.6 dBA. The 12-month field test showed the noise control treatments to be effective and durable, although the noise level of the truck did increase slightly. The treatments did not have an adverse impact on vehicle operation and there was no evidence of payload displacement. The vehicle's fuel economy was better than that of comparison vehicles, but this was not caused by the noise treatments. Incremental maintenance time of 2.25 hours was attributable to treatment removal and interference while performing regular maintenance during the 12-month period.

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This report describes the field test and operational performance evaluation of a quieted International Harvester F-4370 heavy-duty diesel truck. The noise of the truck had been reduced from 81.1 dBA to 72.7 dBA. The truck accumulated 36,000 miles in 5 months of service. The treatments were effective and durable, and the noise level of the truck did not increase. The treatments did not have an adverse impact on vehicle operations and there was no evidence that the weight of the treatments displaced payload. The treatments did not have a measurable effect on fuel consumption. The treatments had a minimal impact on maintenance time.

As part of a project to study tire/road, a laboratory roadwheel facility was equipped with replica road surfaces. Moving tests on a flat steel surface were also made. This document compares results from real and simulated surfaces.

As part of a program to develop engineering design tools suitable for the development of quiet tires, a set of theoretical noise models was prepared and evaluated. Near-field noise and vibration measurements were made on a roadwheel facility equipped with simulated road surfaces. Data were also collected on a smooth steel roadwheel, so as to separate tread pattern and pavement texture-associated components. Stationary vibration tests, with electrodynamic shaker input, were performed to obtain response of the tire. Contact patch pressure distributions, required for the noise models, were obtained with an array of miniature transducers. The evaluations lead to the refinement of the noise models. Based on these refinements, the models were finalized and computer programs prepared.

This report reviews the state-of-the-art for diesel engine noise reduction and presents new techniques for reducing engine block vibration and radiated noise. It presents a technique which makes it possible to identify and rank order the sources of noise within the engine.

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This report presents the results of an engineering study to design and demonstrate a method of reducing piston-slap noise for an inline, heavy-duty truck diesel engine for a Cummins NTC-350 engine. Modifications were designed to achieve a 5 dBA noise reduction without degrading engine performance, fuel economy or emissions.

This report presents the results of an engineering study to design and demonstrate methods of reducing diesel engine block vibration and radiated noise. The modifications were designed for the Detroit Diesel Allison 6V-92 TTA heavy-duty diesel truck engine so that the noise reduction was achieved without degrading engine performance, fuel economy or emissions.

This report constitutes the proceedings of the three day Second National Conference on General Aviation Airport Noise and Land Use Planning. The attendees at this Conference showed a greater awareness of the general aviation airport noise situation than at the first Conference. The airport operators and the planners have become more knowledgeable in this area, perhaps due, in part, to ANCLUC studies at several general aviation airports.

This report describes a study of present and future exposures of people to noise from airports used by both civilians and military aircraft and predicts how exposure around these airports will be affected by increasingly stringent aircraft noise regulations in the absence of similar regulation of military aircraft.

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This study forecasts general aviation airport noise from 1975 to the year 2000. It focuses upon noise due to propeller-driven and business jet airplanes that operate exclusively at general aviation airports. The results of the study, expressed in terms of geographical area and population within day-night average sound levels of 55 decibels and higher, are estimated at five-year intervals covering this study period.

This report documents the actions taken by airports as a result of recommendations made by Airport Noise Control and Land Use Compatibility (ANCLUC) studies funded by the Airport and Airways Development Act of 1970 (ADAP) and as a result of FY 1980 Federal grants authorized by the Aviation Safety and Noise Abatement Act of 1980.

This report presents a discussion of the user requirements and procedures for executing the Demographic Report Generator Program. DEMCOM, a computer program written in FORTRAN IV programming language, uses as input the Aircraft Noise Levels and Annoyance Model (ALAMO) demographic profile reports which are generated for each octant of specified day-night sound level (L_dn) contour band and computes the same variables for the all-octant case. The program also projects selected demographic variables to future years based on historical growth rates for population, households, and per capita income.

This manual provides instructions to the users of a series of programs that calculate fleet noise level (FNL) and airport noise index (ANI). The concept of FNL provides a method for evaluating the noise status of fleets of aircraft. Using FNL, comparisons can be developed between fleets for all airports or subsets of airports. It is an average of acoustical energies. The ANI is a measure that is sensitive to total acoustical energy.

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This study provides the methodology used to integrate parameters affecting noise exposure, considers soundproofing and relocation program issues, and presents procedures used to quantify airport residential soundproofing and relocation costs.

This report reviews the progress which has been made in airport noise control and presents a forecast of changes in aviation noise exposure that will occur during the balance of this century. Results are given of an analysis which examines the benefits of noise abatement flight operations, flight procedures, and of restrictions on population encroachment, on residential noise exposure. Cost of residential soundproofing and relocation, based upon in-depth studies, are presented for four air carrier airports which represent four airport categories. While the main focus of the report is on noise exposure above L_dn 65 at air carrier airports, noise exposure around general aviation and joint use civil/military airports is also discussed.

A set of theoretical models has been prepared which describes the noise generated by tire/road interaction. The mechanisms considered are air pumping and carcass vibration. The models begin with a set of thin shell equations describing the motion of the belt of a radial ply tire, as derived by Bohm ("Mechanisms of the Belted Tire," Ingeniur-Archiv, XXXV, 1966).

This study presents a method that can be used to examine and quantify each factor contributing to motor vehicle noise produced by automobile accelerating on city/suburban streets. It is based on data collected in six different jurisdictions subject to a range of noise control programs and was developed to assist State/local jurisdictions to formulate or refine motor vehicle noise control programs.

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This study describes the basic components found in four active property line noise control programs and suggests a method for assessing program effectiveness. It is for use by local jurisdictions interested in developing property line noise control or assessing current program completeness.

This report investigates four potential noise control approaches to the control of noise from refuse vehicles. These included: (1) The potential impact of a legislative alternative requiring stationary compactors for all new hi-rise developments; (2) The effect of a collection curfew; (3) The incorporation of noise into an annual inspection program and (4) The impact of taking no local action and allowing federal regulations to serve as the only control.

This report covers a series of potential control strategies for minibike noise which can be used in a metropolitan jurisdiction. Other jurisdictions would gain insight into their minibike noise problems from reading this report. These potential strategies include: a curfew alternative; a specific use area; prohibited use on public land except recreational areas and on private lands with permission of the owner; and an exploration of the possibility of a registration/licensing fee. The study was made in Montgomery County, Maryland, which is a large and wealthy suburban area that is part of the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Exploration of the curfew alternative indicates that it is not a particularly effective strategy in controlling minibike noise.

This report, conducted by the National League of Cities, covers public attitude on noise, legislation and enforcement, State and local resources. It provides excellent background to municipalities interest in the State-of-the-art in noise abatement control. This report is an assessment of the principal sources of State and local noise problems across the country, and shows what municipalities are doing to abate and control noise in their own communities.

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A partial assessment of the results of a Federally sponsored program conducted in three cities to demonstrate the best available techniques for developing local noise control. Includes an overall summary and focuses on the correlation between attitudinal and acoustical surveys, between actual noise level s and public perception.

This report will provide communities with the procedure for determining the benefits of a building noise code to citizens within that community. The report should be used in conjunction with the Model Building Code and the manual for assessing costs for a building code.

This manual specifically deals with the acoustical impact of building mechanical equipment systems on the exterior environment surrounding a building site. It has been prepared as a training and implementation guide for building officials and engineers whose knowledge and training in acoustics may be limited.

The purpose of this report is to provide technical information to State and local noise control officials on the correlation between stationary motorcycle noise tests and the federal F76 passby noise test.

The purpose of this manual is to provide law enforcement personnel with the necessary technical skills and procedures to enforce State and local motor vehicle noise laws. The manual has been written for use by the police officer charged with the enforcement responsibilities, as well as his supervisor.

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This review of U.S. sponsored research on the effects of noise on health is an update of a previous survey which compares present trends in research in different noise effects research categories and by federal agency. The following categories of research are covered: Nonauditory Physiologic Responses; Noise Effects on Sleep; Individual and Community Response; Behavioral, Social, and Performance Effects; Communication Interference; Noise Environment Determination and Exposure Characterization; and Human Response to Noise Concomitant with Vibration.

The number of Americans exposed to various levels of occupational and environmental noise is estimated. Estimates are made for 11 categories of noise producers (e.g., traffic, aircraft, construction) using the L_dn or L_eq(24) metrics.

Research from 19 countries, including 168 research projects, is by specific categories of health effects. For each project, an abstract, the name and address of the principle investigator, funding and sponsor data (if available), and citations of available publications are given.

This 3 volume report contains a review of all world literature to date and a critical analysis of existing foreign and domestic epidemiological research on the nonauditory physiological effects of noise. In addition, the scientific literature on hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and general stress are analyzed for its applicability to noise effects epidemiology. Information and recommendations pertinent to a number of substantive and methodological issues related to the design and conduct of future noise effects epidemiology is also provided.

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As part of its research effort in the area of noise effects, EPA developed the plan contained in this report to organize research dealing with cardiovascular effects which has been identified by numerous experts as the number one noise effects research priority. The report delineates the current state of scientific knowledge and several planning alternatives for research to aimed at reaching protective human criteria.

This handbook describes procedures for measuring compliance with EPA's Noise Emission Standards, which set limits on the noise of locomotives, rail cars, active retarders, car-coupling impacts, and locomotive load cell test standards.

This report documents the development of a conceptual model, and a computer program for its implementation, for assessing the aggregate impact of noise from household and consumer products on the health and welfare of the national population. The computer program requires input data on population, time utilization, dwelling type, noise isolation in dwellings, product noise emission, and product utilization. From the input data, the "weighted population," corresponding to each of a number of different noise descriptors, is computed. The report describes the assumptions involved in the model, reviews available input data, and documents the computer program.

This document is a compendium of noise regulations in the countries participating in the first Ad Hoc International Meeting of Regulatory Officials on Alignment of Noise Test Procedures. The regulations described in the compendium include those existing, those under development, and those anticipated within five years, and fall into six product categories: Construction Equipment, Domestic Appliances, Miscellaneous, Railroads, Motor Vehicles, and Aircraft.

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This document presents the Proceedings of the First Ad Hoc International Meeting of Regulatory Officials on Alignment of Noise Test Procedures. The Ad Hoc Meeting was held in Washington, D.C. on December 9-12, 1980. The Proceedings describes the history and rationale of the meeting, presents the Meeting conclusions, details the Meeting agenda, lists the participants, and summarizes the presentations made at the Meeting and the ensuing discussions.

This study investigated the noise associated with highway construction activities. It involved the identification and examination of associated noise characteristics, availability and demonstration of abatement measures, as well as the development of a computer based model for use as a tool to predict the noise impact of construction activities and to plan mitigation measures. The model was developed for use on the FHWA computer (IBM 360). A total of seven reports were prepared in this study and have been released for public distribution.

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This study describes the development of a machinery noise computer model which may be used to assess the effect of occupational noise on the health and welfare of industrial workers. The purpose of the model is to provide EPA with the methodology to evaluate the personnel noise problem, to identify the equipment types responsible for the exposure and to assess the potential benefits of a given noise control action. Due to its flexibility in design and application, the model and supportive computer program can be used by other federal agencies, state governments, labor and industry as an aid in the development of noise abatement programs.

This report contains an evaluation of noise conditions in the sheet metal shop at the Charleston Naval Shipyard in Charleston, South Carolina (CNSY Shop 17). The study was performed during 1978. The evaluation is based on noise exposure data for fulltime workers in Shop 17 and an analysis of noise emissions of the individual machine types used in the shop. Noise emission data are presented for the following equipment types: band saws, friction saws, pneumatic grinders, electric routers, square shears, nibblers, belt sanders Punch presses (manual and numerically controlled), press brakes, cutoff saws, spot welders, drill presses, pneumatic drills and electric drills.

This report provides a broad overview of the international research effort in surface transportation noise abatement and control that was completed or underway in the 1978-1981 time period. 294 projects were reported by 21 countries and 2 community groups (CEC & EEC). Reports included:

• Identification of Program Sponsor
• Type of Research
• Funding Levels
• Program Summary
• References

Activities covered ranged from basic research, through technology development and, systems demonstration programs including noise prediction and measurement methodologies.

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has identified noise from surface vehicles as a significant noise problem in the United States and noise from tires as a principal contributor to this problem. Moreover, as noise from the other parts of the vehicle is gradually reduced through the application of better technology, noise from tires will become a more significant contributor, when the vehicle is operated at high speeds. This report provides an overview of recently completed, current, or planned foreign tire noise research, development, and demonstration projects, and identifies tire industry developments and developing changes in tire technology which may have a bearing on noise.

The engine cooling fan is a major component noise source in highway trucks. The purpose of this report is to review the current state of the art for quieting of truck cooling system fans. Recent improvements in analytical capabilities and increased understanding of fan noise are reviewed.

Considerable emphasis is devoted to the investigation of the cooling system airflow requirement and an evaluation of alternative cooling system airflow configurations which would yield significant cooling system sound level reductions. Recommendations for actions which would foster the design, development, and installation of quieter fans are made.

Quieting internal combustion engine noise from highway vehicles is currently accomplished by means of acoustical engine enclosures. These enclosures may also have the effect of restricting the cooling airflow traveling through the engine compartment.

The purpose of this report is to describe and discuss engine compartment airflow, establish the framework of a semi-analytical model describing this airflow, review the effect of acoustical engine enclosures on this airflow, and identify and specify additional data required for such a model to be measured. In addition, instrumentation which can be used to monitor truck cooling system performance during in-use operation is specified.

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This report reviews the noise control technology available to equipment manufacturers and users of the following machines: automatic screw machines, semi-automatic stamping presses, planes, wood saws, metal saws, crawler tractors, molding machines, spinning frames, and twisters. The study also looks at the reasons for the unavailability of certain control technology. The availability of new quiet machines on the market place is also reviewed.

APUs and GPUs provide essential service to aircraft during ground operations. Sound levels near these devices range from 80 to 87 dBA at 30 m for APUs, 83 to 103 dBA at 10 m for turbine-engined GPUs, and 71 to 80 dBA at 10 m for piston-engined GPUs. Procedures are provided for: (1) estimating community sound levels due to APUs and GPUs, (2) estimating their exposures in terms of day-night sound levels, and (3) assessing the desirability of noise abatement by comparison to recommended levels for acceptability.

The report contains five sections. Section 2 develops a basic perspective on the noise of subsonic and supersonic aircraft and the general relationships between their airframe and engine performance characteristics, noise certification standard, and noise impact. Section 3 summarizes the status of individual elements of noise control technology including engine, aerodynamics, and operational procedures. Section 4 reviews some of the integrated airframe-engine noise integration studies, and Section 5 attempts to summarize where noise and the SST stand with respect to technology. This report is based on information developed and made available prior to Fall 1978.

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The study was designed to develop and analyze an aircraft takeoff noise data base consisting of areas and populations, computed as a function of noise level, aircraft type, weight and takeoff flight procedure. Six aircraft, each at typical and maximum weight, were chosen to represent the range of civil transport aircraft and engine types. The data base developed in this report enable an approximate direct translation of results between various operational, procedures and the certification test procedures.

This report contains an update and revision of the estimated noise impact of airport jet air carrier operations in the years 1975 and 2000. These estimates are based on the current takeoff flight procedures, the 1979 FAA fleet forecast, and current definitions of new technology aircraft. They do not assume additional regulatory actions, either in aircraft noise certification or in airport operations, nor do they assume additional noise control efforts on the part of individual airports.

This report deals with the development of noise-control approaches applicable to a mechanical equipment permit scheme for commercial, business, institutional, and residential high-rise buildings.

The report identifies and categorizes mechanical equipment as noise sources. The equipment is classified and rank-ordered on the basis of potential noise impact. A series of worksheets and guidelines are presented for use in performing the calculations necessary to evaluate a given mechanical design for exterior noise impact.

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A model municipal noise control code for buildings has been developed. Also included is an implementation manual for this code. The provisions of the code were developed with three objectives in mind. First, they attempt to minimize the adverse health and welfare effects of intruding noise without requiring the construction of economically unreasonable buildings. Proposed standards for the outdoor reduction of noise levels are achievable with existing materials and construction techniques. Secondly, enforcement for the review of plans and for the acceptance of completed buildings are described. Thirdly, this material should help jurisdictions develop a process of administration and enforcement that is compatible with existing building code procedures.

This report provides communities interested in adopting a noise control ordinance with measurement procedures for effective enforcement. The first segment discusses the theory of sound, terminology, and computation methods. Vibration measurement and criteria are also presented.

The second segment of this report presents the current measurement procedures. Noise and vibration measurement procedures are presented for stationary noise sources. These include statistical sampling and steady sound techniques, both weighted and octave band. Both roadway (passby) and stationary sound level measurement methods are provided for automobiles, trucks, and motorcycles. Sound measurement procedures are also included for buses, construction equipment, model vehicles, recreation vehicles, and refuse collection vehicles.

This report deals with the investigation of each of the noise control alternatives for grain dryers in the State of Maryland. The primary objective of this study was to furnish and verify information with recommendations for future approaches to grain dryers noise control which would be of assistance to other jurisdictions, faced with grain dryers noise problems, as well as, references to other studies which may be helpful.

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This report details the strategies evaluated and assesses the experience encountered in the investigation of noise from air conditioners and refrigeration condensing units in the State of Maryland. Each is designed to provide guidance for the State and local noise agencies faced with similar noise problems. Hence, emphasis is placed on the practical aspects of attempting to implement innovative approaches.

The objectives, methodology, and results of a national survey of outdoor noise environments in urban residential areas are discussed. The objectives were to determine overall noise levels, source contributions, and patterns of spatial and temporal variation in these areas, along with the effect of three locational factors on these parameters. The survey employed a randomized site selection procedure, a stratified sampling strategy, and a multifaceted measurement protocol to meet these objectives. Results of the survey include a simple model which predicts L_dn in these areas, projections of nationwide noise impact, average source contributions and temporal noise level histories and average variations in noise level at different locations around residential units.

This workbook provides specific instructions for the design and administration of a social survey of community attitudes toward noise. Implementation of a social survey is an exercise in management, but in addition to following the rules and guidelines in the manual, city officials must exercise judgment and "common sense."

This document provides specific instructions for the design and administration of a social survey of community attitudes toward noise. The social survey should be used with the Acoustical Survey and the Community Noise Strategy Guidelines.

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This report provides guidelines for the implementation of a telephone survey for determining community attitudes towards noise. The manual provides the survey format and the information required to logistically implement the program.

This report was prepared by EPA, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, in support of its function to provide technical assistance to communities. The Manual provides a comprehensive and computerized system for assessing the noise problems of a community and then planning a noise control strategy for its abatement.

This Manual presents the technical instructions and guidelines needed by municipal authorities to carry out an initial noise survey. This survey will determine average noise levels and major noise sources for the community as a whole. It can be used in planning noise reduction measures to benefit the entire community or a substantial portion thereof.

This report was prepared by EPA, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, in support of its function to provide technical assistance to communities. It is one of nine which comprises the Community Noise Assessment Manual. The Manual provides a comprehensive and computerized system for assessing the noise problems of a community and then planning a noise control strategy for its abatement. This report provides the computerized procedures for running an acoustical survey for a community as described in the report: "Acoustical Survey for a Community."

The purpose of this document is to assist community officials in planning noise control programs. This manual describes how to use acoustical and social survey data to choose an optimum noise control program for a chosen period and budget.

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This report was prepared by EPA, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, in support of its function to provide technical assistance to communities. It is one of nine which comprises the Community Noise Assessment Manual. The Manual provides a comprehensive and computerized system for assessing the noise problems of a community and then planning a noise control strategy for its abatement.

This report was prepared by EPA, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, in support of its function to provide technical assistance to communities. It is one of nine which comprises the Community Noise Assessment Manual. The Manual provides a comprehensive and computerized system for assessing the noise problems of a community and then planning a noise control strategy for its abatement. It provides a simplified and manual system for planning the noise control strategy for abating a community's noise problems. It assists communities in determining, in an objective manner, the efficient allocation of funds for reducing the adverse effects of noise in their community.

The purpose of this report is to provide various presentation techniques that will ensure effective communication of noise data to elected officials, administrators, health officials and other local personnel. The principal users of this manual are the city officials entrusted with responsibility for noise control administration.

The purpose of this document is to put the various Federal Agency Land Use policies and guidance packages into perspective. Also this document does not replace the individual Federal agency material it can facilitate the consideration of noise in all land use planning and interagency/intergovernmental coordination process.

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This report represents a survey of the most significant studies since EPA issued its first report concerning noise effects on wildlife in 1971. The report has been divided into three main sections: laboratory animals, domestic animals, and wildlife. Reports on each species or taxonomic group are presented in four major categories of noise effects: auditory physiological, masking, nonauditory physiological, and behavioral.

This report contains a limited survey on the existing scientific literature pertaining to the cardiovascular effects of high noise exposure, and places that literature in perspective based on the available knowledge of general cardiovascular effects of stressful stimuli. The authors also discuss conceptual obstacles to progress in cardiovascular disease research, key technical or measurement system obstacles for research, and findings related to noise and suggestions for further research.

This report describes a user oriented computer program that allows investigation and analysis of daily activity profiles from two large existing data bases. The user can examine the relationships between people's primary activities, secondary activities, location and activity duration.

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This document presents the technical data and analysis used by EPA in developing the Proposed Noise Emission Regulation for Buses. The information presented includes a detailed discussion of: buses and the bus industry; baseline noise levels for current buses; the noise control technology available; the adverse health and welfare impacts of bus noise and the potential benefits of Federal regulation; the expected costs and potential economic effects of regulation; the measurement methodology; the anticipated enforcement procedures; and existing State, local and foreign noise regulations applicable to buses. A Federal noise regulation has not been issued for buses this document is available for information purposes only.

This document presents all comments received from the public regarding the Proposed Bus Noise Emission Regulation and the Federal government's responses to each comment. The comments include those received during the 90-day public comment period and testimony received at two public hearings. The comments and Agency responses address: health and welfare benefits of the regulation; bus interior noise; school buses; possible economic effects of the regulation; noise control technology; enforcement of the regulation; test procedures; Acoustical Assurance Period and Sound Level Degradation Factor; Transbus; transit malls; and general comments. A Federal noise regulation has not been issued for buses; this document is available for information purposes only.

This document presents an assessment of the expected benefits and impacts of the Proposed Noise Emission Regulation for Buses. The information presented includes a description of the bus noise problem, the statutory basis for the action, a summary of the proposed regulation, State and local programs complementary to Federal noise emission standards for buses, the alternatives considered, the expected benefits of Federal regulation, the potential economic effects of regulation, public comments on the draft environmental impact statement, and conclusions. A Federal noise regulation has not been issued for buses; this document is available for information purposes only.

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This document contains copies of the public comments that were received after the first official public comment period, which closed on July 12, 1979 for the April 17, 1979 Proposed Property Line and Source Specific Standards regulation amendment. Also contained are those public comments received during a reopened comment period (January 4, 1980 until April 4, 1980) which followed the publication of certain final rail yard noise source standards on this two-part rulemaking action.

This document presents the technical data and analyses used by EPA in developing the noise emission regulations for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems. The information presented includes a detailed discussion of: the motorcycle and motorcycle exhaust systems industry; baseline noise levels for current motorcycles; the noise control technology available; the adverse health and welfare impacts of motorcycle noise and the potential benefits of regulation; the expected costs and potential economic effects of regulation; and the noise measurement methodology.

This document includes detailed information that supplements Sections 1 through 8 of the Regulatory Analysis. In addition, it includes an analysis of State, local, and foreign motorcycle noise regulations and a summary of the motorcycle national emphasis plan.

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This document presents all comments received from the public regarding the proposed noise emission regulations for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems and the Federal government's responses to each comment. The comments include written submissions received during the 90-day public comment period, and testimony received at the three public hearings. The comments and Agency responses address: health and welfare benefits of the regulation; economic effects of the regulation; noise control technology; enforcement of the regulation; test procedures; Acoustical Assurance Period and Sound Level Degradation Factor; labeling; mopeds; and general comments.

This document presents an assessment of the expected benefits and impacts of the final noise emission regulations for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems. The information presented includes a description of the motorcycle and motorcycle exhaust noise problem, the statutory basis for action, a summary of the regulation, State and local programs complementary to Federal noise emission standards for motorcycles and motorcycle exhaust systems, the rationale for regulation, the expected benefits of the regulation, the potential economic effects of the regulation, public comments, the draft environmental impact statement, and conclusions.

The test results presented in this report are the end product of bilateral discussions and technical cooperation between the Commission of the European Communities and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The discussion and joint comparative testing were carried out to assess the potential for alignment of the existing U.S. and the proposed CEC test procedures for the measurement of noise from portable air compressors.

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This report includes background information on the impact of construction noise, actions that have been carried out by Federal, State and local governments to control construction equipment and construction site noise, and a forecast of construction activity for the period 1980-1985.

This report is a compilation of Federally sponsored research projects in the areas of industrial machinery, mining, and construction equipment. It includes more than 35 projects conducted by 12 Federal agencies. The types of research involved may be classified into three categories:

• Performing noise assessments or developing guidelines
• Developing and/or demonstrating noise control for existing technology
• Developing and/or demonstrating innovative noise technology designs

This report constitutes the proceedings of the three-day conference on general aviation airport noise and land use planning. Included are advance copies of the speakers' presentations that were available at the conference, a summary of each of the five panels, a noise bibliography, and a transcription of all discussions including audience participation.

A translation of "Noise: A Health Problem," a pamphlet written for the general public, in layman's language, on the physical, psychological and emotional hazards of excessive noise on health and welfare.

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This manual is designed to assist with the implementation of a State and/or local noise control public education and information program. The purposes of the program are: a) To increase the awareness and knowledge levels of the general public with respect to the potentially harmful health effects of excessive noise and the effects of noise on their quality of life; b) To foster and promote locally and individually indicated noise control actions c) To motivate and generate the support of the general public, public/private agencies and organizations, groups and associations for the increased role of State and local governments in noise control and abatement; and d) To encourage citizens to participate in the design and implementation of local noise control efforts.

This report is submitted to Congress in response to Section 8 of the Quiet Communities Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-609) which resulted from Congressional concern that aircraft noise from some airports may impact communities located in another state. The study included three semi-independent programs: (1) Noise Measurement, (2) Noise Modeling, and (3) Community Response. The noise exposure conditions, and the relative effectiveness of alternative noise control actions, were investigated for the existing 1980 operations and for projected 1990 and 2000 operations.

The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance to prosecutors who choose to take legal action against violators of State or local noise regulations; its intent is to assist prosecutors preparing for and conducting a trial--from drafting the complaint to submitting jury instructions.

The purpose of this document is to provide material suitable for use in training State and local police officers to enforce their noise control laws.

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The legal memoranda included in this document address some of the more prevalent enforcement issues which have arisen in connection with State and local noise control activities. This collection of legal memoranda is organized according to the following two distinct phases of noise control activities: (1) ordinance drafting; and (2) prosecution.

This publication is intended to promote understanding of EPA's findings about levels of environmental noise that protect public health and welfare. It seeks to clarify the proper use of the 1984 "Levels Document" by interpreting its contents in less technical terms: The manual deals with measurement descriptors of environmental noise. Also addressed are the best understood effects of noise on people (hearing damage, speech interference and annoyance). Protective levels are summarized.

The purpose of this report is to investigate workers compensation for permanent noise-induced hearing loss in 50 States and the federal government. The report examines claims activity, some of the main compensation rules, their scientific support and claims procedures. Finally, the Federal Employee Compensation (FEC) program for hearing loss is studied.

The present report is a continuation of an earlier report by Scharf, Hellman and Bauer (1977). The objectives are (1) to determine whether subjective judgments of particular types of noise, categorized by spectral shape, are better approximated by some descriptors (frequency weightings and calculation procedures) than by others, and (2) to investigate the role of tonal components in these studies and to assess the adequacy of several tone-correction procedures.

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This study was undertaken to evaluate subjective and objective aspects of moderate levels of noise from impulsive sources. A detailed review of the literature on the subjective aspects was emphasized. The annoyance and loudness from a wide variety of repetitive impulse noises were evaluated. These results were applied to the evaluation of impulsive noise from a number of specific noise sources.

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